Why do bunions appear? Hallux valgus surgery

The bunion, known scientifically by the name of hallux valgus, is a malformation that develops in the foot, specifically from the big toe to the little toe, generating a protuberance on the external part. This malformation can cause progressive pain due to excessive growth of the affected bone.

There are some people who have certain anomalies in their bones from birth and who have a increased tendency to develop bunions throughout his life.

What is bunion deformity?

Although it is a common malformation, the bunion does not only have an aesthetic impact. Its development can cause Postural complications due to incorrect foot supportThese alterations affect both the functionality and the biomechanics of the body.

What happens when the bunion bone is deformed and how does it affect normal foot support?

The first metatarsal bone deviates from its path, pointing outwards from the foot and the big toe deviates inwards, overlapping the rest of the toes. Some of the problems that can arise as a result of this poor support of the sole are: Metatarsalgia of the hammer toe and claw toes.

The different types of bunions

Bunions are not a single condition. They can occur in different ways depending on their origin and specific characteristics.

• Congenital hallux valgus: It occurs at an early age due to genetic factors or malformations present from birth.
• Metatarsal head: It originates when there is an increase in it.
• Interphalangeal bunion: the interphalangeal joint becomes deviated, affecting the alignment of the finger.
• Triangular forefoot: This type of deviation affects the second toe, since there is a very severe hallux valgus.

Causes of bunions

The development of bunions can be attributed to a combination of hereditary, structural or everyday habit factors.

Genetic predisposition plays an important role, as it is common for this malformation to occur in several people in the same family. There are also certain foot shapes that create a tendency to develop bunions, such as Greek foot (when the big toe is longer than the second toe) or clubfoot (when the big toe is longer than the second toe). index minus (when the first metatarsal is shorter than the rest).

In addition to the structural characteristics, other diseases such as inflammatory rheumatism that produce Inflammation and swelling in the joints can affect the development of hallux valgus.

Finally, certain habits or practices of daily life can aggravate or favor the appearance of bunions. Among them, the following stands out: Frequent use of high heels or small shoes, which puts pressure on the bones and joints of the foot, promoting deformity over time.

Symptoms and main characteristics of hallux valgus

Hallux valgus presents a series of symptoms and characteristics that affect both the aesthetic appearance of the foot and its functionality.

• Aesthetic appearance: Beyond the pain, aesthetically a very pronounced bunion is difficult to hide, especially with summer footwear.
• Problems with footwear: The deformation can be so severe that it ends up damaging or breaking conventional footwear, especially if it is not designed to accommodate feet with this condition.

Regarding the symptoms and characteristics that are related to physical problems, we can point out the following:

• Finger rotation: inward rotation of the foot and overlapping over or under the other toes.
• Joint pain: Constant pressure from footwear on the affected joint intensifies the pain, especially during prolonged activities.
• Skin damage:Continuous rubbing of the bunion with footwear can cause irritation, redness and the formation of calluses, aggravating the discomfort in the affected area.

How to prevent bunions

Preventing this deformity is difficult in cases where the patient has a hereditary predisposition, congenital malformations or pre-existing foot diseases. However, certain measures can help delay or reduce the growth of bunions.

One of the main recommendations is to choose appropriate footwear, which is flexible, has a wide toe and a low or moderate heel. This type of shoe minimizes pressure on the foot and prevents the deformity from progressing.

Once a bunion has started to develop, a useful home remedy is to soak your feet in warm water with a little salt for 15 to 20 minutes. This bath helps reduce inflammation and provides temporary relief, especially after long days in which your feet have been subjected to pressure.

It is important to note that if you have signs of bunions, it is essential to see a doctor. A specialist will be able to assess the condition of your foot, provide an accurate diagnosis and recommend treatments based on the severity of the condition.

Diagnosis and treatment of bunions

A simple examination by a specialist is enough to diagnose a case of hallux valgus. Although it is a condition that does not usually cause complications, the doctor may request an X-ray of the affected foot to assess the severity of the deformity and rule out associated problems, such as arthritis or underlying bone disorders.

The only absolute cure for hallux valgus is bunion surgery. Although it is an option that is recommended only when the patient presents symptoms of chronic pain and difficulty finding appropriate footwear or that hinders the ability to walk normally.

There are different surgical techniques to treat bunions, including open surgery and minimally invasive surgery, such as percutaneous or laser surgery, which offers a more modern approach with shorter recovery times.

What does bunion or Hallux Valgus surgery consist of?

Bunion surgery aims to correct the deviation of the foot, improving both its functionality and its aesthetic appearance, and to prevent the deformity from recurring. This procedure, usually performed on an outpatient basis, is performed under local or locoregional anesthesia and usually lasts between 60 and 90 minutes, depending on the technique used and the complexity of the case.

Each surgeon makes an assessment and chooses the best technique to use to operate on the patient, whether open or percutaneous. Depending on the severity, symptoms and the x-rays taken before the intervention, the surgeon's team will traumatologists specialized in bunion surgery will determine the best path to repair and correct the bunion.

Among the most commonly used ways to repair Hallux Valgus we can highlight:

• Fusion or arthrodesis: It consists of removing the damaged part of the joint and securing it with wires or screws. This technique allows the joint to heal internally, achieving a stable fusion.
• Cut and replace the bones: Cuts are made in the bones so that they can be shaped and placed in the correct position.
• Bunion removal: This surgery, known by the technical name of exostectomy, consists of removing only the excess part or protuberance of the metatarsal bone.
• Soft tissue restructuring: The tendons of the foot are correctly positioned to correct the growth of the bunion.

The choice of technique will depend on the medical evaluation and the specific needs of the patient, ensuring an optimal result and effective recovery.

Bunion Surgery Recovery

Recovery time after bunion repair surgery varies between 10 weeks and 6 months, depending on the technique used and, of course, the experience and skill of the surgeon. In cases of more invasive surgeries, where a massive repair is performed, the patient's full recovery can take up to a full year.

To ensure effective rehabilitation, it is essential to follow certain postoperative care:

• Keep the wound clean and dry to avoid any possible source of infection. When showering, it is essential to cover it completely and follow the trauma doctor's instructions to clean and disinfect the points daily.
• Repose: Bunion surgery recovery is slow and requires patience. You will need to wear a cast and keep your foot elevated to protect it and give it time to heal for at least 3 weeks.
• Rehabilitation exercises: You cannot return to normal overnight. You will have to start using your foot little by little following an exercise routine established by a specialized physiotherapist.

Does bunion surgery hurt a lot?

Yes, it is a painful and annoying operation since the inability to use the feet greatly limits the patient's activities. However the Traumatologist will take care of prescribing the appropriate painkillers and to give the necessary instructions to limit that pain to the lowest possible time and intensity.

Effectiveness of bunion surgery

A successful bunion surgery will give the patient a better quality of life. After the recovery process is complete, the pain usually decreases significantly or disappears completely. In addition, with the repair of the soft tissues, the big toe will regain its mobility and the support of the foot and therefore the posture will improve.

Another important benefit is the aesthetic change. By removing the bony protrusion, the foot regains its natural shape, which not only improves its appearance, but also makes it easier to wear conventional footwear without discomfort.

Risks of bunion surgery

Like any surgery, bunion surgery entails certain risks that, no matter how minimal, must be taken into account. Surely The specialist informs his patient in detail of the possible risks of surgery which we detail below:

• Risks due to anesthesia.
• Infection in the ligaments or bone.
• Adverse effects of medications used during and after surgery.
• Nerve damage: reduced sensitivity and numbness of the finger.
• Chronic pain and swelling.
• Joint stiffness.

Can bunion come back after surgery?

Although bunion surgery aims to permanently correct the deformity, there is a chance that it may recur if the necessary measures are not taken after the intervention. To minimize this risk, it is essential to follow the doctor's instructions: avoid narrow-toed shoes and heels for women, perform the indicated exercises to strengthen the muscles and joints of the foot and attend periodic check-ups with your doctor.

What is the postoperative period after bunion surgery like?

This operation has been associated with a long and painful recovery, which can last up to six months. However, modern techniques have revolutionized this process, allowing in some cases a much faster and less uncomfortable recovery.

To achieve an efficient recovery and minimize complications, it is crucial to rely on a highly qualified team with experience in this type of intervention. Choosing specialized professionals not only guarantees a successful procedure, but also facilitates faster and safer rehabilitation.

Traumatology clinic for bunion surgery in Madrid

When undergoing bunion surgery, it is important to choose top-level medical centers that offer minimally invasive techniques, crucial to ensure optimal recovery. Elgeadi Traumatology is a leading hospital group in Spain. Our team is made up of highly specialized trauma surgeons, who use advanced techniques and have extensive experience in the treatment of complex pathologies.

If you have any further questions regarding whether or not you should undergo foot surgery to repair your bunion, please do not hesitate to contact our trauma clinicOur team of specialists will be able to offer you the best advice and accompany you in every step of the process.